A Review of Selected Energy-Efficient Technologies for Wastewater Treatment

Abstract

The need for energy-efficient wastewater treatment technologies has grown due to increasing water scarcity and the high energy demands of conventional treatment methods. This review examines emerging approaches that reduce energy consumption while maintaining treatment efficacy. The study categorizes them into biological, membrane-based, electrochemical, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), and hybrid/integrated systems. Biological methods which include anaerobic digestion (AD) and microbial fuel cells (MFCs) provide dual benefits of treatment and energy generation, while membrane technologies, such as membrane bioreactors (MBRs), enhance water recovery and reduce chemical usage. Electrochemical methods and AOPs, including electrocoagulation and photocatalysis, offer energy-efficient alternatives with promising contaminant removal capabilities. The integration of these technologies in hybrid systems further optimizes energy efficiency and treatment performance and demonstrates significant potential for sustainable wastewater management. This review compiles recent advances to guide future research and application of energy-efficient solutions in wastewater treatment